Mariana effect

The way that light behaves on a moving referential permits that both modulus and velocity direction of the universe’s expansion be changed, without any perceptible change for an observer located on this referential.

Photon between a source A and a receiver B

To an observer in the absolute space referential

The photon that will reach body B, in position B, will be the one emitted from position A₀ in the direction of B₀.
In a time t₀:
- The A body goes from A₀ position to A position, with velocity V.
- The B body goes from B₀ position to B position, with velocity V.
- The photon, due to the velocity V of A, will go through A₀B trajectory, with a length L, with velocity c₂, where c₂= V + c.
When the photon reaches B, on the B position, with velocity c₂, due to velocity V of B and aberration effect, will modify its velocity to c, as it had been through AB trajectory, the length D, in a time t₀ , such as c = c₂ - V.

Since A and B arrive at its respective A and B positions at the same that the photon arrives at B, we have the illusion that it went through a trajectory from position A to B. It would be possible if the photon went through this trajectory instantaneously (Cristina effect).

To an observer on the referential of bodies A and B

This observer does not know the expansion velocity V of the universe and, in his viewpoint; he thinks that he and A and B bodies are at a rest state.
In a time t₀, the observer sees the emitted photon from A in the direction of B, goes through AB trajectory, with length D, with velocity c, according to his viewpoint.

If we change, on A and B referential, the expansion velocity V of universe of both modulus and direction to V₁ or V₂, the observer in an absolute space referential would see the configurations as it follows:

To an observer on referential of A and B, these bodies are always at a rest state and the photon will go through distance D between A and B, with velocity c, independent of modulus and direction of the expansion velocity of the universe.
Thus, we can conclude the Mariana effect, as it follows:

The photons´ velocity between two points located on the same referential will always be c, independent of expansion velocity V of this referential in the universe.