Concepts

The light

It is the radiant energy in shape of particles emitted, in some circumstances, by the atoms and it can be detected by our retina.

The Quantum

The emission of this energy by the atoms is discontinuous, in small quantities of leaps, called quanta. It is called quantum leaps of the quantic physic; at that time, we can say that the energy is quantized or discret instead of continuous.

The photon

One “quantum” of the quantized radiant energy is called photon. This term was designated by Einstein to represent the light quantum.

The photons distribution

When we throw a few coins under the table, it can appear more (or less) “heads” than “tails”, it depends of the case. However, if we throw 1 ton (1000 Kg) of them, we will have around 500Kg of “head” and 500Kg of “tails”. When we increase the number of thrown coins, the distribution of the “head” and “tails” will be more equilibrated, because it tends to be ½ and ½. We can observe that it does not happen by chance.
We can analyze another example: If we throw 6 tons of dice, certainly, each one of the 6 dice will be represented by approximately 1 ton, because we have the same probability to each one of the 6 faces. In accordance with those examples above, you can understand the emission of photons by the atoms. Each atom of a body, that constitutes one light fount, emits photons aleatory in all directions. In an electric lamp thread or even in some star exists an enormous quantity of atoms.

Then, by the fact that we have a large number of atoms in a light fount, we hope that, on any chosen direction, it has always the same quantity of photons emitted in a time unit.

Light ray

The light ray emitted from some fount is a sequence of photons that gets out from it to a determinate direction.

A and B

These are bodies in movement in the absolute space, where A is the fount and B is the light receiver.

Observer

It is very important to define the observer’s position related to the nature phenomenon that involves light. Then, we will have:

- Observer stopped on the absolute space, having the big bang as a reference point;

- Observer on the expansion referential into the universe of the A and B bodies;

- Observer located on the light fount A;

- Observer located on the light receiver B.

Velocity of photons

We will use the light velocity as a velocity unit (c = 1). When the velocity appears in a bold-faced type, it means that it has a direction; in that case it is a vector.

c → velocity of photons emission, it is constant and around 300,000 km/s;

c₁ , c₂ → velocities of photons for an observer on in the absolute as a reference point, after they had had influenced by the expansion velocity of the universe V ;

V → universe’s expansion velocity. It is just noted by the observer on the absolute space;

v → relative velocity between two bodies;

U → velocity seen by an observer on the absolute space, which is U = V + v.

Photon velocity in the emission

To an observer on a light fount A

One photon emitted to a determinate direction will always continue to the same direction, with velocity c, to its destiny B.

To an observer on the absolute space

One photon emitted to a determinate direction, to a direction B, for example, will be influenced by the expansion velocity V of its fount, it changes:

- Its velocity from c to c₁ where c₁ = c + V;

- The angle that its direction creates with the vector V direction, from a to b.

The photon velocity on arrival to receiver B

To an observer on the absolute space

When one photon with velocity c₁ arrives in a body B with the same movement V of its fount, due to the aberration effect, it changes:

- Its velocity from to c, where c = c₁ - V;

- The angle that its arrival direction creates with the vector V direction, from b to a.

This effect is contrary to that where the photon suffers on its emission. It is responsible for the illusions that deceived the science until nowadays.

To an observer on B

This observer does not know the expansion velocity V of the universe and neither the velocity c₁ of the photon arrival. He only knows about the velocity c that was modified by the aberration effect from c₁ to c.